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Possible Attacks on TPSN. A compromised node cannot cause any problem by requesting a time synchronization message because the message will reach to the parent node only. On the other hand, the compromised node can send erroneous time information to its children. Naturally, the child node is relying on the parent for its clock synchronization; by providing incorrect values for t2 and t3 , the parent can set an arbitrary offset on its child node. What is more, this incorrect offset will then be propagated down the tree. Therefore, the number of nodes whose synchronization can be affected by the compromised node depends on the location of the compromised node on the tree. One way for a malicious attacker to compromise a larger number of nodes is to reposition itself in a higher location on the tree or to answer queries instead of the proper parent. This is surprisingly easy to do in the original algorithm. Yet another type of attack can surface when the compromised node misinforms its level in the tree, basically announcing a lower level than its current level. The compromised node can also attempt to trick other nodes at its level in requesting synchronization updates from itself. Furthermore, the compromised node can disconnect a number of nodes from being included in the tree by simply not participating in the level discovery phase.

Scalability comes into play with the Integration Rule Imagine we have thousands of contributions If each of them comes with their own pet mechanism, you have thousands of mechanisms and a big mess By reusing the existing metaphors and extension points, you increase the value of your contribution Blurring the boundaries between contributions gives the user the experience of a single tool We will implement our new "failed tests are compile errors" metaphor in steps:

17.3.3 Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) In FTSP [13], the nodes are participating in a process in which a root node is elected. The root is the origin of the time synchronization messages. If a node does not hear a time synchronization message for a while, it declares itself the new root. The protocol requires that if at a later time the node receives a time synchronization message from a node with a lower id than itself, it gives up its root status. When a node receives a time synchronization message from the root, it adjusts its clock and broadcasts its own time to its neighbors. In the message broadcast, the preamble bytes are transmitted rst, followed by sync bytes, message descriptor, the actual message, and nally crc bytes (see Figure 17.7).

Note that I did not say that these companies made these changes because the costs of the DB plan are too high These managers are smart enough to realize that they will be spending on average about 5 percent of pay on retirement plans Granted, DB plans have been costing more lately, but do not forget the 1980s and 1990s, when these plans did not have any cash contributions So, it really is the volatility in costs rather than the absolute level that is the key financial driver behind these freeze decisions However, the second key reason is largely a rethinking of the goals of their retirement plans.

Figure 17.7. Data packets transmitted over the radio channel. (Adapted from reference 13.)

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Possible Attacks on FTSP The FTSP protocol is more robust for node failures than the TPSN protocol, because there is no need to maintain a tree structure that is notoriously vulnerable to single-point failures: The failure of a single node can disconnect the whole subtree The weak point of the FTSP protocol is the election process Any node can declare itself a root, and the protocol relies on the node to step back if a lower id root appears A compromised node can easily masquerade as a root; and by declaring a very low id, it can actually dislodge the existing legitimate root Then, by sending a synchronization message with a fake timestamp, it can make the nodes synchronize to an incorrect time 1734 Countermeasures for the Attacks In this section, we describe the possible countermeasures for time synchronization attacks in both single-hop and multihop networks [14].

We will attach a property to a project to decide whether tests should run automatically We will install the test-run builder when the property is set We will automatically find the tests in a project

In single-hop networks, transmission range of each node reaches to every other node in the network Let us consider a speci c case of a single-hop network where there is a base station and its transmission range covers all the nodes in the network The challenge for this type of networks is to preclude the malicious node(s) from compromising the base station and immediately start injecting the network with invalid timing information In this case, the message from the base station must be authenticated in order to carry out the correct sequence of time synchronization methods This can be achieved by utilizing a broadcast authentication scheme such as TESLA [15] Another approach can be the use of different private keys between the sender and receiver nodes In the multihop networks, many nodes may need to communicate with each other via intermediate nodes due to the limited transmission ranges.